Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability and validity of the Spanish version of the long-term quality of life questionnaire.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to translate, culturally adapt, and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Spanish Long-Term Quality of Life (LTQL) questionnaire. Methods: The LTQL was initially translated into Spanish and cross-culturally adapted based on established guidelines. The Spanish LTQL was administered to patients with breast cancer who had completed their initial treatment 5 years earlier, along with other self-report measures: Quality of Life in Adult Cancer Survivors (QLACS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and EORT-QLQ-BR23. Reliability was evaluated using internal consistency and test-retest. Convergent and known-groups validity were examined. Structural validity as determined by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Rasch analyses was used to assess the unidimensionality and item-functioning of the LTQL domains. Results: Cronbach's alpha were above 0.7 in all domains. Test-retest coefficients were between 0.72 to 0.96 for LTQL domains. LTQL total score was correlated with others total scores of other measures: QLACS (r=-0.39), HADS depression (r=-0.57), HADS anxiety (-0.45) and EORTC-QLQ-BR23 (r=-0.50). CFA provided satisfactory fit indices, with RMSEA value of 0.077 and TLI and CFI values of 0.901 and 0.909, respectively. All factor loadings were higher than 0.40 and statistically significant (P<0.001). Rasch analysis showed that Somatic Concerns domain had 4 misfitting items, and Philosophical/Spiritual View of Life and social Support domains only 1 misfit item. However, unidimensionality was supported for the four domains. Conclusion: The findings support the validity and reliability of the Spanish version of LTQL questionnaire to be used in long-term cancer female survivors.

A new score for airway assessment using clinical and ultrasound parameters.

Background: Over the last few years, ultrasonography has been introduced as the fifth pillar to patient's bedside physical examination. Clinical assessments aim to screen and look for airway difficulties to predict difficult intubations, but none have demonstrated a significant predictive capacity. Recent systematic reviews have established a correlation between ultrasound imaging and difficult direct laryngoscopy. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether the utilization of ultrasonography to examine the upper airway could accurately predict difficult direct laryngoscopy. Methods: This is a prospective observational study including 102 adult patients that required general anesthesia for elective surgery. Preoperatively, clinical airway assessments were performed. Data such as Mallampati-Samsoon grade (MS), upper lip bite test (ULBT), thyromental (TMD) and sternomental distance (SMD), cervical circumference (CC) and the Arné risk index were collected. Ultrasound evaluation was taken at five different levels in two planes, parasagittal and transverse. Therefore, the following measurements were registered: distance from skin to hyoid bone (DSHB), distance from skin to thyrohyoid membrane (DSTHM), distance from skin to epiglottis (DSE), distance from skin to thyroid cartilage (DSTC) and distance from hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage (DHBTC). Patients were divided into two groups based on the difficulty to perform direct laryngoscopy, according to Cormack-Lehane (C-L) classification. Grades I and II were classified as easy laryngoscopy and grades III or IV as difficult. Logistic regression models and the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was employed to determine the diagnostic precision of ultrasound measurements to distinguish difficult laryngoscopy (DL). Results: The following risk score for DL was obtained, DSTHM ≥ 1.60 cm (2 points), DSTC ≥ 0.78 cm (3 points) and gender (2 points for males). The score can range from 0 to 7 points, and showed and AUC (95% CI) of 0.84 (0.74-0.95). A score of 5 points or higher indicates a 34-fold increase in the risk of finding DL (p = 0.0010), sensitivity of 91.67, specificity of 75.56, positive predictive value of 33.33, and negative predictive value of 98.55. Conclusion: The use of ultrasonography combined with classic clinical screening tests are useful tools to predict difficult direct laryngoscopy.

Understanding the relationship between time spent outdoors, mental well-being and health-related behaviours in a Spanish sample: A real time smartphone-based study.

INTRODUCTION: COVID-19 pandemic has affected our lifestyle and physical and mental well-being. We aimed to study the effect of being outdoors and mental well-being after the COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We used smartphone based ecological momentary assessments (EMA) (Urban Mind app) to study the mental well-being of the Spanish general population. We collected socio-demographic data, past and current physical and mental health, and social and physical environment. Participants were recruited during 5 months (February to June 2021). Longitudinal associations between EMA and anxiety, depression, loneliness, tiredness, and happiness during the assessments were investigated using random intercept ordinal logistic regression models. RESULTS: 274 subjects downloaded the app and completed the baseline assessment. 66 participants completed at least 50 % of the assessments. Being outdoors was related to a lower likelihood of anxiety (OR: 0.48, 95 %CI 0.34-0.66), depression (OR: 0.40, 95 %CI 0.28-0.56), tiredness (OR: 0.47, 95 %CI 0.35-0.63), and loneliness (OR: 0.59, 95 %CI 0.42-0.84), and a higher likelihood of happiness (OR: 2.14, 95 %CI 1.57-2.93). CONCLUSIONS: Being outdoors is related to better mental health in the general population independently of other factors (baseline mental well-being or socio-demographic characteristics). Public policies should include measurements to promote outdoor spaces in urban settings.

Impact of prior SARS-COV-2 infection and vaccination on COVID-19 hospital admission and mortality amongst nursing home residents.

BACKGROUND: Nursing home residents (NHRs) have experienced disproportionately high risk of severe outcomes due to COVID-19 infection. AIM: We investigated the impact of COVID-19 vaccinations and previous SARS-CoV-2 episodes in preventing hospitalization and mortality in NHRs. METHODS: Retrospective study of a cohort of all NHRs in our area who were alive at the start of the vaccination campaign. The first three doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and prior COVID-19 infections were registered. The main outcomes were hospital admission and mortality during each follow up. Random effects time-varying Cox models adjusted for age, sex, and comorbidities were fitted to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) according to vaccination status. RESULTS: COVID-19 hospitalization and death rates for unvaccinated NHRs were respectively 2.39 and 1.42 per 10,000 person-days, falling after administration of the second dose (0.37 and 0.34) and rising with the third dose (1.08 and 0.8). Rates were much lower amongst people who had previously had COVID-19. Adjusted HRs indicated a significant decrease in hospital admission amongst those with a two- and three-dose status; those who had had a previous COVID-19 infection had even lower hospital admission rates. Death rates decreased as NHRs received two and three doses, and the probability of death was much lower among those who had previously had the infection. CONCLUSIONS: The effectiveness of current vaccines against severe COVID-19 disease in NHRs remains high and SARS-CoV-2 episodes prior to vaccination entail a major reduction in hospitalization and mortality rates. The protection conferred by vaccines appears to decline in the following months. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04463706.

Long-term health related quality of life in total knee arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: To analyze evolution and factors related with greater gains in Health Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) and with a greater probability of exceed their corresponding minimal clinically important differences (MCID) in patients with Osteoarthritis of the knee, undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) at long-term. METHODS: Data were obtained from two previously recruited multicenter cohorts of patients who underwent TKA in the Basque Country. Patients were follow-up at 6 months and 10 years after surgery. Patients completed specific and generic HRQOL questionnaires plus sociodemographic, and clinical data at 10 years. Associations were analysed using linear and logistic regression models. RESULTS: A total of 471 patients responded at 10-year follow-up. The multivariable analysis showed that low preoperative HRQOL scores, higher age, higher BMI, some comorbidities and readmissions at 6 months were associated with less gains in HRQOL. Apart from aforementioned, to have a peripheral vascular disease (odd ratio 0.49 (95% CI, 0.24-0.99)), complications (odd ratio 0.31 (95% CI, 0.11-0.91)), and readmissions within 6 months of discharge (odd ratio 2.12 (95% CI, 1.18-3.80)) were associated with a lower probability of exceeding the MCID. The effect sizes (ESs) of changes from baseline to 6 months (range, 1.20-1.96) and to 10 years (range, 1.54-1.99) were large in all dimensions, nevertheless the ESs from 6 months to 10 years were not appreciable for pain (ES = 0.03) or stiffness (ES = 0.09), and small for function (ES = 0.30). CONCLUSIONS: Low preoperative HRQOL scores, to be elderly, severe obesity, the presence of some comorbidities -depression and rheumatology disease-, having readmissions or complications and not having rehabilitation of discharge, are good predictors of long-term lower gains in HRQOL. Some other non-registered parameters of the follow-up may also influence those outcomes. KEY INDEXING TERMS (MESH TERMS): Health-Related Quality of Life, Knee Arthroplasty, Total, Osteoarthritis.

Impact of hypertension diagnosis on morbidity and mortality: a retrospective cohort study in primary care.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is responsible for a huge burden of disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of newly diagnosed hypertension on the occurrence of kidney or cardiovascular events (K/CVEs) and on mortality among community dwellers. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study, conducted from January, 2007, to December, 2018. All patients (age > 18) newly diagnosed with hypertension and no previous K/CVEs in 2007 and 2008, in the primary care centers of Madrid (Spain) (n = 71,770), were enrolled. The control group (n = 72,946) included patients without hypertension, matched by center, sex and age. The occurrence of kidney or CV events, including mortality from these causes and total mortality were evaluated using Cox regression and multistate models. Data were collected from three sources: personal data from administrative records, clinical data from medical records, and mortality data from regional and national databases. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 138.61 months (IQR: 124.68-143.97 months). There were 32,896 K/CVEs (including 3,669 deaths from these causes) and 12,999 deaths from other causes. Adjusted for sex, smoking, diabetes and socioeconomic status, K/CVEs HR was 4.36 (95% CI: 3.80-5.00) for diagnoses before 45 years of age, 2.45(95% CI: 2.28- 2.63) for diagnosis between 45 to 54 years, and HR decreased to 1.86 (95% CI: 1.64-210) for diagnoses over age 85. Total mortality risk was only higher for hypertension diagnosed before 55 years of age (HR: 2.47, 95% CI: 1.90-3.19 for ages 18 to 44; and HR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.02-1.28 for ages 45 to 54). CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of hypertension in the community environment, in patients without evidence of previous kidney or CV disease, is associated with a large increase in the risk of K/CVEs, but especially in individuals diagnosed before the age of 55. This diagnosis is only associated with an increase in kidney or cardiovascular mortality or overall mortality when it occurs before age 55.

Mapping the EQ-5D-5L from the Spanish national health survey functional disability scale through Bayesian networks.

PURPOSE: Preference-based measures are valuable tools for evaluating therapeutic interventions and for cost-effectiveness studies. Mapping procedures are useful when it is not possible to collect these kind of measures. The objective of this study was to evaluate which mapping method is the most appropriate to estimate the EQ-5D-5L index from the Spanish National Health Survey functional disability scale. METHODS: The sample, formed by 5708 older adults (aged 65 years or older), was drawn from the Spanish National Health Survey ("Encuesta Nacional de Salud en España," ENSE in Spanish 2011-2012). The predictions of EQ-5D-5L index were performed with response mapping using Bayesian network (BN), ordered logit (Ologit), and multinomial logistic (ML). The following direct methods were used: ordinary least squares (OLS) and Tobit regression. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), absolute error (MAE), mean squared error (MSE), and root-mean squared error (RMSE) were calculated to compare all models. The predictions of response models were obtained through the expected value method. RESULTS: BN model showed the highest ICC (0.756, 95% confidence interval, CI 0.733-0.777) and lowest MAE (0.110, 95% CI 0.104-0.115). OLS was the model with worse accuracy results with lowest ICC (0.621, 95% CI 0.553-0.681) and highest MAE (0.159, 95%CI: 0.145-0.173). CONCLUSION: Indirect mapping methods (BN, Ologit, and ML) had a better accuracy than the direct methods. The response mapping approach provides a robust method to estimate EQ-5D-5L scores from the functional disability scale.

The role of BRAF V600E mutation in post-surgical 131I therapy in papillary thyroid carcinoma: a study based on SPECT-CT uptake analysis.

BACKGROUND: The BRAF V600E mutation (BRAF mut) in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) has been associated with poor response to therapy with 131I in patients with metastases but the results in postsurgical treatment are controversial. Our main objective is to investigate the impact of the mutation on the biokinetics of the administered 131I therapy after surgery. METHODS: A prospective study was designed, from July 2015 to January 2018 which included patients with PTC receiving 131I therapy after surgical treatment. To study the biokinetics of the radioiodine in postoperative thyroid remnants, SPECT-CT images were acquired so as to obtain the following variables: percentage of remnant uptake at 2 and 7 days post-administration, effective half-life and time-integrated activity coefficient. All of them were compared depending on the mutational diagnosis and other clinical features and pathological variables. RESULTS: Sixty-one patients, and in total 103 thyroid remnants, were included. About 59% of patients were BRAF mutated. The mutation was associated with classic variant (88.5% vs. 11.5%; P=0.0001), desmoplastic reaction (85.7% vs. 14.3%; P=0.002), smaller tumor size (1.5 vs. 2.1 cm; P=0.024), nodal disease (3.3 vs. 1; P=0.001) and advanced stages (76.9% vs. 23%; P=0.014). The BRAFmut group had a lower percentage of 131I uptake at 2 days (0.17% vs. 0.47%; P=0.001) and at 7 days (0.02% vs. 0.1%; P=0.013); and a lower time-integrated activity coefficient (0.05h vs. 0.17 h; P=0.002). In univariate analysis, in addition to the mutation, the histological variant was significant but only for time-integrated activity coefficient (P=0.04). In multivariate analysis, only mutation determined the 2-day uptake (P<0.001) and the time-integrated activity coefficient (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The BRAF V600E mutation is associated with lower 131I uptake in thyroid remnants. Furthermore, it is an independent factor that decreases the effect of post-surgical 131I therapy, and therefore, it could be used as a potential tool to optimize the treatment of PTC.

Drip and ship and mothership models of mechanical thrombectomy result in similar outcomes in acute ischemic stroke of the anterior circulation.

BACKGROUND: Stroke therapy has been transformed in recent years due to the availability of thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy (MT). Whether transferring the patient directly to a comprehensive stroke center (CSC, mothership model) is better than taking them to a primary stroke center (PSC) and then to a CSC for MT (drip and ship) is unclear but has important implications. We compared the performance of both models in a district of the Basque country, Spain. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data of all acute ischemic stroke patients consecutively admitted to the Neurology Department of two institutions and eligible for MT over a 36-month period with anterior circulation large vessel occlusion (LVO). One center applied the mothership model and the other the drip-and-ship. The two models were compared in terms of mortality and functional status assessed by modified Rankin (mRS) scale at 90 days. As a surrogate of the effectiveness of the two models, all times pertinent to stroke therapy were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 187 patients were evaluated subjected to MT with the drip-and-ship model and 188 with mothership, with a median NIHSS of 15. Prior to MT, 17% of the drip-and-ship patients received thrombolysis and 26% in the mothership. Neither mortality rate nor mRS showed statistically significant differences 90 days after stroke. The time lapse from stroke to MT was optimal in both models; albeit being 10 minutes longer in the drip-and-ship model, it had no impact on patients' outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Drip-and-ship and mothership models can provide optimal and similar results in acute stroke patients in terms of mortality and functional status at 90 days. Their coexistence may alleviate the burden of CSC thus facilitating the access of more stroke patients to advanced therapies in an equitable manner.

[Content validation of the spanish version of the Long-term Quality of Life Instrument for long-term female breast cancer survivors.] / Validación de contenido de la versión en castellano del instrumento Long-term Quality of Life Instrument para mujeres supervivientes de cáncer de mama de larga duración.

OBJECTIVE: The quality of life of women affected by breast cancer diagnosed 5 or more years ago has been relatively unexplored in Spain; there are no instruments for its measurement validated. The objective of the study is to translate into Spanish, culturally adapt and examine the content validity of the Spanish version of the Long-Term Quality of Life Instrument (LTQL). METHODS: The initial translation was performed by two translators with Spanish as their mother tongue carried out the translation of the questionnaire, obtaining two initial versions in Spanish (T1 and T2). An analysis of the results and elaboration of a single preliminary version in Spanish (T-1-2) were performed. The retro-translation was performed by two translators with English as their mother tongue not familiar with the original version translated the joint version (T-1-2) back into the original language (RT1 and RT2) to identify inconsistencies. Finally, a final version of the questionnaire was obtained. For content validation a committee of experts (seven women affected by breast cancer) assessed the degree of clarity, accuracy and understanding of each of the items in the questionnaire translated into Spanish, and calculated the content validity index (CVI) of the questionnaire according to Lawshe and Tristán. RESULTS: The LTQL questionnaire was translated into Spanish with a low discrepancy between translators. An adequate CVI higher than 0.58 was obtained in clarity (0.95), precision (0.93), comprehension (0.91) and relevance (0.72). CONCLUSIONS: The LTQL is a useful questionnaire in the health field for the assessment of quality of life of women survivors of long-term breast cancer.

OBJETIVO: La calidad de vida de mujeres afectadas de cáncer de mama diagnosticadas hace 5 o más años ha sido relativamente poco explorada en España, no existen instrumentos para su medida validados. El objetivo del estudio fue traducir al castellano, adaptar culturalmente y examinar la validez de contenido del cuestionario Long-Term Quality of Life Instrument (LTQL). METODOS: La traducción inicial fue realizada por dos traductores con castellano como lengua materna que tradujeron independientemente el cuestionario (versiones T1 y T2). Se realizó un análisis de los resultados y se elaboró una única versión preliminar en castellano (T-1-2). La retrotraducción se realizó por dos traductores con inglés como lengua materna que tradujeron independientemente la versión conjunta (T-1-2) al idioma original (RT1 y RT2) para identificar inconsistencias. Finalmente, se obtuvo una versión final del cuestionario. Para la validación de contenido se constituyó un comité de expertas (siete mujeres afectadas de cáncer de mama) que valoró el grado de claridad, precisión, comprensión y relevancia de cada uno de los ítems del cuestionario traducido al castellano y se calculó el índice de validez de contenido (CVI) del cuestionario según Lawshe y Tristán. RESULTADOS: Se tradujo el cuestionario LTQL al castellano con una baja discrepancia entre los traductores. Se obtuvo un CVI adecuado mayor de 0,58 en claridad (0,95), precisión (0,93), comprensión (0,91) y relevancia (0,72). CONCLUSIONES: El LTQL en un cuestionario de utilidad en el campo de la salud para la evaluación de la calidad de vida de mujeres supervivientes de cáncer de mama de larga duración.

Modelling the risk of hospital admission of lab confirmed SARS-CoV-2-infected patients in primary care: a population-based study.

The objectives of this study are to develop a predictive model of hospital admission for COVID-19 to help in the activation of emergency services, early referrals from primary care, and the improvement of clinical decision-making in emergency room services. The method is the retrospective cohort study of 49,750 patients with microbiological confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The sample was randomly divided into two subsamples, for the purposes of derivation and validation of the prediction rule (60% and 40%, respectively). Data collected for this study included sociodemographic data, baseline comorbidities, baseline treatments, and other background data. Multilevel analyses with generalized estimated equations were used to develop the predictive model. Male sex and the gradual effect of age were the main risk factors for hospital admission. Regarding baseline comorbidities, coagulopathies, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes with organ damage, and liver disease were among the five most notable. Flu vaccination was a risk factor for hospital admission. Drugs that increased risk were chronic systemic steroids, immunosuppressants, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and NSAIDs. The AUC of the risk score was 0.821 and 0.828 in the derivation and validation samples, respectively. Based on the risk score, five risk groups were derived with hospital admission ranging from 2.94 to 51.87%. In conclusion, we propose a classification system for people with COVID-19 with a higher risk of hospitalization, and indirectly with it a greater severity of the disease, easy to be completed both in primary care, as well as in emergency services and in hospital emergency room to help in clinical decision-making.Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04463706.

Validación de contenido de la versión en castellano del instrumento Long-term Quality of Life Instrument para mujeres supervivientes de cáncer de mama de larga duración / Content validation of the spanish version of the Long-term Quality of Life Instrument for long-term female breast cancer survivors

Fundamentos: La calidad de vida de mujeres afectadas de cáncer de mama diagnosticadas hace 5 o másaños ha sido relativamente poco explorada en España, no existen instrumentos para su medida validados. El objetivo del estudio fue traducir al castellano, adaptar culturalmente y examinar la validez de contenido del cuestionario Long-Term Quality of Life Instrument (LTQL Métodos: La traducción inicial fue realizada por dos traductores con castellano como lengua materna que tradujeron independientemente el cuestionario (versiones T1 y T2). Se realizó un análisis de los resultados y se elaboró una única versión preliminar en castellano (T-1-2). La retrotraducción se realizó por dos traductores con inglés como lengua materna que tradujeron independientemente la versión conjunta (T-1-2) al idioma original (RT1 y RT2) para identificar inconsistencias. Finalmente, se obtuvo una versión final del cuestionario. Para la validación de contenido se constituyó un comité de expertas (siete mujeres afectadas de cáncer de mama) que valoró el grado de claridad, precisión, comprensión y relevancia de cada uno de los ítems del cuestionario traducido al castellano y se calculó el índice de validez de contenido (CVI) del cuestionario según Lawshe y Tristán. Resultados: Se tradujo el cuestionario LTQL al castellano con una baja discrepancia entre los traductores. Se obtuvo un CVI adecuado mayor de 0,58 en claridad (0,95), precisión (0,93), comprensión (0,91) y relevancia (0,72). Conclusiones: El LTQL en un cuestionario de utilidad en el campo de la salud para la evaluación de la calidad de vida de mujeres supervivientes de cáncer de mama de larga duración.(AU)

Background: The quality of life of women affected by breast cancer diagnosed 5 or more years ago has been relatively unexplored in Spain; there are no instruments for its measurement validated. The objective of the study is to translate into Spanish, culturally adapt and examine the content validity of the Spanish version of the LongTerm Quality of Life Instrument (LTQL). Methods: The initial translation was performed by two translators with Spanish as their mother tongue carried out the translation of the questionnaire, obtaining two initial versions in Spanish (T1 and T2). An analysis of the results and elaboration of a single preliminary version in Spanish (T-1-2) were performed. The retro-translation wasperformed by two translators with English as their mother tongue not familiar with the original version translated the joint version (T-1-2) back into the original language (RT1and RT2) to identify inconsistencies. Finally, a final version of the questionnaire was obtained. For content validation a committee of experts (seven women affected by breast cancer) assessed the degree of clarity, accuracy and understanding of each of the items in the questionnaire translated into Spanish, and calculated the content validity index (CVI) of the questionnaire according to Lawshe and Tristán.Results: The LTQL questionnaire was translated into Spanish with a low discrepancy between translators. An adequate CVI higher than 0.58 was obtained in clarity (0.95), precision (0.93), comprehension (0.91) and relevance (0.72). Conclusions: The LTQL is a useful questionnaire in the health field for the assessment of quality of life of women survivors of long-term breast cancer.(AU)

Learning How to Order Imaging Tests and Make Subsequent Clinical Decisions: a Randomized Study of the Effectiveness of a Virtual Learning Environment for Medical Students.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Two critical skills that medical students must acquire during undergraduate education are the ability to order imaging tests and make clinical decisions based on their results. We implemented an e-learning course in Moodle specifically designed to teach these skills to medical students. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of our course. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We randomized 26 undergraduate medical students to an experimental group that had access to the virtual learning environment and a control group that did not. Three weeks after the course, we evaluated its effectiveness through a blinded objective structured clinical examination. To avoid any bias in favor of the experimental group, the assessment considered scores on two pre-specified subscales: one related to the contents of the course and the other to new clinical scenarios. RESULTS: Students that completed the e-course performed better overall than controls (mean score ± standard deviation 59.3 ± 6.2 vs 41.8 ± 10.2, p = 0.0020). This better performance was observed in both types of skills assessed (ordering imaging tests, and making diagnostic and therapeutic decisions based on test results). More importantly, this better performance of the experimental group was observed consistently both with items related to the course content (1.7 times higher, p = 0.0034) and new scenarios (1.3 times higher, p = 0.0098). CONCLUSIONS: Through an ad - hoc e-course, undergraduate medical students learned effectively how to order imaging tests and make optimal subsequent decisions. Moreover, they were able to apply these skills to new clinical scenarios.

Characteristics of genital herpes in Bilbao (Northern Spain): 12-year retrospective study / Características del herpes genital en Bilbao (Norte de España): estudio retrospectivo de 12 años

Introducción: El virus herpes simple tipo 2 (VHS-2) es la causa más frecuente de herpes genital (HG), pero la infección genital por el virus herpes simple tipo 1 (VHS-1) está en aumento. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar las características epidemiológicas de pacientes con HG. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo desde enero del 2004 hasta diciembre del 2015 de pacientes con HG atendidos en 2 consultas de enfermedades de transmisión sexual (ETS) en la Organización Sanitaria Integrada Bilbao-Basurto, en el norte de España. Se revisaron y analizaron los datos de interés de los pacientes. Resultados: Mil tres pacientes (524 hombres y 479 mujeres) fueron incluidos. El 74% tenía infección por VHS-2. El VHS-1 aumentó durante el periodo estudiado, significativamente en hombres (28% en 2004-2007 vs. 50% en 2012-2015). El VHS-1 fue mayor en mujeres en comparación con hombres (56% vs. 44%). La infección primaria fue más frecuente en los infectados con VHS-1 comparado con VHS-2 (79% vs. 21%). En pacientes con VHS-1, la infección primaria fue superior en hombres (86%) y en menores de 30 años. El 63% de las infecciones por VHS-2 fueron recurrencias. En el análisis multivariante, la edad, el origen extranjero, la recurrencia, el contacto previo con HG de la pareja sexual, la infección previa por Neisseria gonorrhoeae y la prostitución se asociaron con mayor riesgo de infección por VHS-2. Conclusiones:El VHS-2 fue la causa principal del HG, pero la proporción de VHS-1 aumentó. El antecedente de ETS y las conductas sexuales de riesgo fueron predominantes en los pacientes con HG por VHS-2.(AU)

Background: Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is the most common cause of genital herpes (GH), but genital infection by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is increasing. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare epidemiological characteristics of patients with GH. Methods:Retrospective study conducted from January 2004 to December 2015 in patients with GH attended at two Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) medical consultation of Bilbao-Basurto Integrated Health Organisation in Northern Spain. Patient's medical history was reviewed and data of interest was analyzed. Results: One thousand three patients (524 male and 479 female) were reviewed. HSV-2 was detected in 74%. The proportion of HSV-1 increased during the study period, significantly in men (28% in 2004–2007 vs. 50% in 2012–2015). More female than male had HSV-1 infection (56% vs. 44%). The proportion of primary infection was higher among HSV-1 compared to HSV-2 (79% vs. 21%). Among the patients with HSV-1, primary infection was higher among men (86%) and in younger than 30 years. Recurrent GH was higher among HSV-2 infections (63%). In a multivariate model older age, geographic origin outside Spain, recurrent infection, prior contact with a partner's genital herpetic lesions, previous N. gonorrhoeae infection and prostitution were significantly associated with HSV-2 infection. Conclusions: HSV-2 was the most common causative agent of GH, but the proportion of HSV-1 increased. Overall, antecedent of STD and sexual risk behaviors were more frequent in patients with genital HSV-2 infection.(AU)

Neurologic Manifestations in a Prospective Unselected Series of Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: An increasing number of neurologic problems are being described in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease, but their frequency and type have not been defined. In this study, we sought to determine the extent of neurologic manifestations of COVID-19 in a prospective series of unselected patients admitted to the general medicine wards of our hospitals due to COVID-19 and who were examined by a team of neurologists. METHODS: Eight neurologists provided medical attention to patients hospitalized for COVID-19 to provide medical support to other hospital units tasked with the care of an increasingly larger influx of patients with COVID-19. A series of 100 consecutive, unselected patients were evaluated systematically, including a questionnaire that collected medical information derived from the initial examination and the medical history. RESULTS: Eighty-eight percent of the patients had 1 neurologic manifestation associated with COVID-19 during hospitalization. Most common were anosmia-dysgeusia and headache (44% each), myalgias (43%), and dizziness (36%). Less frequent were encephalopathy (8%), syncope (7%), seizures (2%), and ischemic stroke during the period of hospitalization (2%). Anosmia and headache associated with younger patients with less severe disease, and both were associated with each other and with serum inflammatory markers. Encephalopathy was associated with fever and syncope and with markers of inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: Neurologic disturbances are common in patients with COVID-19, particularly if patients are evaluated by neurologists. There is a wide variety of neurologic conditions, some of them severe, in the spectrum of COVID-19 disease that will benefit from an evaluation by practicing neurologists.

Characteristics of genital herpes in Bilbao (Northern Spain): 12-year retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is the most common cause of genital herpes (GH), but genital infection by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is increasing. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare epidemiological characteristics of patients with GH. METHODS: Retrospective study conducted from January 2004 to December 2015 in patients with GH attended at two Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) medical consultation of Bilbao-Basurto Integrated Health Organisation in Northern Spain. Patient's medical history was reviewed and data of interest was analyzed. RESULTS: One thousand three patients (524 male and 479 female) were reviewed. HSV-2 was detected in 74%. The proportion of HSV-1 increased during the study period, significantly in men (28% in 2004-2007 vs. 50% in 2012-2015). More female than male had HSV-1 infection (56% vs. 44%). The proportion of primary infection was higher among HSV-1 compared to HSV-2 (79% vs. 21%). Among the patients with HSV-1, primary infection was higher among men (86%) and in younger than 30 years. Recurrent GH was higher among HSV-2 infections (63%). In a multivariate model older age, geographic origin outside Spain, recurrent infection, prior contact with a partner's genital herpetic lesions, previous N. gonorrhoeae infection and prostitution were significantly associated with HSV-2 infection. CONCLUSIONS: HSV-2 was the most common causative agent of GH, but the proportion of HSV-1 increased. Overall, antecedent of STD and sexual risk behaviors were more frequent in patients with genital HSV-2 infection.

Neurological reasons for consultation and hospitalization during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 disease affects the nervous system and led to an increase in neurological consults for patients at admission and through the period of hospitalization during the peak of the pandemic. METHODS: Patients with clinical and laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19 that required a neurologic consultation or those who presented with neurological problems on admission that led to a diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection during a 2-month period at the peak of the pandemic were included in this study. Demographic and clinical variables were analyzed. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients were included. The presenting neurologic manifestations on admission led to the diagnosis of COVID-19 in 14 patients (40%). The most common reasons for consultation during the hospitalization period were stroke (11), encephalopathy (7), seizures (6), and neuropathies (5) followed by a miscellaneous of syncope (2), migraine (1), anosmia (1), critical illness myopathy (1), and exacerbation of residual dysarthria (1). The most common neurological disturbances were associated with severe disease except for neuropathies. Patients with encephalopathies and seizures had markedly increased D-dimer and ferritin values, even higher than stroke patients. RT-PCR was performed in 8 CSF samples and was negative in all of them. CONCLUSION: Neurological disturbances represent a significant and severe burden in COVID-19 patients, and they can be the presenting condition that leads to the diagnosis of the viral infection in a high percentage of patients. Evidence of direct viral mechanisms was scarce, but the pathogenesis of the diverse manifestations remains enigmatic.

Mutación del gen BRAF V600E en el cáncer papilar de tiroides y su efecto en la terapia con yodo radiactivo (131I) posquirúrgica: ¿deberíamos modificar nuestra estrategia terapéutica? / BRAF V600E mutation in papillary thyroid cancer and its effect on postoperative radioiodine (131I) therapy: Should we modify our therapeutic strategy?

INTRODUCCIÓN: La mutación BRAF V600E en el cáncer papilar de tiroides (CPT) parece asociarse a una resistencia al 131I. Nuestro principal objetivo fue cuantificar la respuesta al 131I tras la cirugía tanto en pacientes que presentaban la mutación (BRAF+) como en los que no presentaban el gen mutado (BRAF-). MÉTODO: Estudio prospectivo de los CPT intervenidos y tratados con 131I desde septiembre de 2015 hasta enero de 2017. VARIABLES: edad, género, estadio tumoral, histológicas, tiroglobulina antes de 131I, a las 48h y a los 6 meses; dosis absorbida y % de actividad a los 2 y a los 7días y tiempo de eliminación. RESULTADOS: Cuarenta y un pacientes y 67 restos tiroideos. El 61% eran BRAF+. En los estadios III y IV, el 80% eran BRAF+. En el vaciamiento ganglionar terapéutico, el 100% eran BRAF+. El número de ganglios fue superior en BRAF+: 3,4 vs 1,2 (p = 0,01). La variante clásica fue predominante en BRAF+ (91,7% vs 8,3%; p = 0,03). El 85,7% vs 14,3% de los BRAF+ tuvieron reacción desmoplásica (p = 0,02). Los BRAF+ presentaban menor dosis absorbida respecto a la actividad administrada (5,4 vs 20Gy/MBq; p = 0,02); menor % de actividad respecto a la unidad de masa a los 2 (0,046 vs 0,103%/g; p = 0,02) y a los 7 días (0,006 vs 0,034%/g, p = 0,04). CONCLUSIONES: La mutación del gen BRAF V600E se relaciona con una mayor resistencia al tratamiento posquirúrgico con 131I desde el inicio de la enfermedad

INTRODUCTION: The BRAF V600E mutation in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) has been associated with resistance to 131I. Our aim was to quantify the response to 131I after surgery in patients who had the mutation (BRAF+) and those who did not have the mutated gene (BRAF-). METHOD: A prospective cohort study was designed, from September 2015 to February 2016, which included patients with PTC receiving therapy after surgical treatment. Variables were described for age, gender, histology, tumor stage, thyroglobulin values before, 48 h after and 6months after 131I; absorbed dose and % activity on days 2 and 7 and elimination time. RESULTS: 41 patients giving in total 67 thyroid remnants were included. 61% were BRAF+. In stagesiii and IV, 80% were BRAF+. In lateral resection, 100% were BRAF+. The number of nodes was higher in BRAF+: 3.4 vs 1.2 (P = .01). The classic variant was predominant in BRAF+ (91.7% vs 8.3%, P = .03). 85.7% vs 14.3% of BRAF+ had desmoplastic reaction (P = .02). The BRAF+ had a lower absorbed dose than the administered activity (5.4Gy/MBq vs 20Gy/MBq, P = .02); lower% activity with respect to the unit of mass at 2 (0.046%/g vs 0.103%/g, P = .02) and at 7days (0.006%/gr vs 0.034%/gr, P = .04) CONCLUSIONS: The mutation of the BRAF V600E gene is related with greater resistance to postoperative treatment with 131I since the onset of the disease